Chp 8 China's Foreign trade

China’s foreign trade has been growth a lot than before. This article was talking about china’s foreign trade flourishes. In 1978 China entered the new period of reform and opening up. Devoting major efforts to the development of foreign trade became an important approach to accelerate modernization, shake off backwardness, promote the growth of the economy, and improve comprehensive national strength. Over the past 30 years or so, seizing the opportunity of the world economy's long-term prosperity and the deepening economic globalization, China has opened wider to the outside world, attracted and utilized foreign investment, introduced advanced technology, transformed and upgraded domestic industries, and achieved rapid development in foreign trade through all-round participation in the international division of labor and competition. Country has conformed to the trend of globalization by opening wider to the outside world and promoting international economic cooperation. With its WTO entry, China's trade in services entered a new stage of development. With its scale rapidly enlarged and its pattern gradually optimized, China's trade in services now ranks among the top in the world. The development of China's foreign trade has accelerated the modernization of the national economy, enhanced the country's comprehensive strength, and improved the standard of living of more than 1.3 billion Chinese people. It has also helped integrate the Chinese economy into the world economy, and make economic globalization conducive to the common prosperity of all countries and regions. China's reform and opening up and its active participation in economic globalization have made the country one of the world's fastest-growing economies.

At present, the underlying impact of the international financial crisis, the protracted, arduous and complicated nature of the world economic recovery is manifesting itself, and the global economic structure and trade layout face in-depth readjustment. China will make new adjustments to its foreign trade, in an effort to turn foreign trade from scale expansion to quality and profit improvement, and from mainly relying on its low-cost advantage to enhancing its comprehensive competitive edge, thereby turning China from a big trading country to a strong trading power.

China's foreign trade is still hampered by many uncertainties and is bound to meet new difficulties and challenges. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period China will open itself wider to the outside world as a driver for further reform, development and innovation, make full use of its advantages, strengthen international cooperation in all respects, and integrate itself into the world economy on a wider scale and at a higher level. China is willing to work with its trading partners to cope with the various challenges facing the world economy and trade, and promote its foreign trade to realize a more balanced, coordinated and sustainable development, and share prosperity and mutually-beneficial results with its trading partners.

Chp7 China Economic reforms

Economic reforms introducing capitalist market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the DE collectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permission for entrepreneurs to start-up businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations, although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. The private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China GDP by 2005. The success of China's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society. Together with large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics has reduced poverty, while incomes and income inequality increased, leading to a backlash led by the New Left. In the academic scene, scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese 'dual track' economy, and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union, and the growth of other developing economies. During the 1930s, China developed a modern industrial sector, which stimulated modest but significant economic growth. Before the collapse of international trade that followed the onset of the Great Depression, China’s share of world trade and its ratio of foreign trade to GDP achieved levels that were not regained for over sixty years. The economy was heavily disrupted by the war against Japan and the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1949, after which the victorious Communists installed a planned economy.Afterwards, the economy largely stagnated and was disrupted by the Great Leap Forward famine which killed between 30 and 40 million people, and the purges of the Cultural Revolution further disrupted the economy. Urban Chinese citizens experienced virtually no increase in living standards from 1957 onwards, and rural Chinese had no better living standards in the 1970s than the 1930s.One study noted that average pay levels in the catering sector exceeded wages in higher education.

chp6 Chinese Population

Chinese population problem is really big issue. China has long been famous both for having the world's largest population and for having taken draconian measures to restrain its growth. Though many people, Chinese and outsiders alike, have looked aghast at the brutal and coercive excesses of the one-child policy, there has also often been a grudging acknowledgment that China needed to do something to keep its vast numbers in check. China's population has reached 1.35 billion. This is China's basic reality and what we need to bear in mind when making every decision. In Europe, a country of 14 million people is a big country. China has a population 100 times as large. Let me share with you an interesting statistic. Last fall, about 150,000 tourists flocked to the Fragrant Hill in Beijing every day to see the red maple leaves, but altogether there are only 70,000 trees, so it's one tree for two people. I'm afraid only in China can you find such things and it can be very difficult for foreigners to imagine this. Every year, China needs to create 25 million jobs, roughly five times the population of Denmark. As many as 6.8 million university graduates will enter the job market this year alone, and that's about the population of Switzerland. There are 83 million disabled people in China, the same as the population of Germany. The most important task for China is to make sure that the 1.3 billion people can lead a good life, and you can imagine how challenging this task is and what enormous pressure this puts on the government. I believe nothing is more important than this. Everything else must serve this central task.

 

Chp5 China relationship in the world

As developing country, China is developing rapidly and becoming more and more by the world attention. In the world, countries are woven together with growing and interdependence. China is the world's second largest economy but not the second strongest country. For example there are 1.3billion people in the country lead to the worthless labor force. In the other way to think about it that it is there are many rich people in China and also there are more poor people in the country. It doesn’t have a balance in the country so most of factors lead to China cannot be the second strongest country. Nothing is more important for china than the wellbeing of the 1.3billion people. If someday 1.3 billion people all get the better life in the future, the Chinese government did a good job for the country. When this problem solve, China will progress a lot. At that time China also has their ability to do “full stakeholder". China want to be a stronger country in the world but it still has many weak links. "It is not unwilling-but unable-to take on more international responsibilities and fully play the role of a major." (China's relations with the world at a new starting point) Since 2012, China's diplomacy accomplished a lot and became more active, vigorous and productive on all fronts. Many presidents of China began to visit other neighbor countries. These greatly boosted our traditional friendship, political trust and mutually beneficial cooperation with relevant countries. Some people say that China has not lived up to the responsibilities and obligations of a big country. I do not agree with that, I think that my country already did as much as better job with the foreign policy.

 

We believe that in an era when countries are increasingly interdependent, new ideas and approaches are required in handling international relations. In particular, big countries should not repeat the history of maximizing one's own interests, vying for sphere of influence, conducting arms race or competing viciously in a zero-sum game. Otherwise, we would be going against history and not being responsible to mankind. I appreciate the point recently made by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton that we need to "find a new answer to the ancient question of what happens when an established power and a rising power meet". I think we already have the answer: win-win cooperation, which should be the hallmark of the new pattern of interaction between major countries. The bottom line is that we need to respect each other's core interests and major concerns, view each other's strategic intentions in an objective and rational way, properly manage differences, and avoid strategic misjudgement, mutual irritation and vicious competition. Rising powers do not challenge established powers, and established powers should accommodate rising powers. The China-US relationship is a good example. It is one of the most important, dynamic and promising bilateral relationships in the world. In the 21st century, the only choice for China and the United States is to accommodate each other and carry out win-win cooperation. Like it or not, China and the United States are destined to form a community of shared interests, responsibilities and destinies. I believe our two countries have the responsibility, ability and wisdom to forge a new type of relationship marked by sound interaction and win-win cooperation. In doing so, we will set an example for other major countries and for international relations in general.